The effect of a sports program for developing sensorimotor control on the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus and some motor abilities of blind girls

: The research aims to identify the effect of a mathematical program for developing sensorimotor control on the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus and some of the motor abilities of blind girls. The two researchers used the experimental method by using the method of pre-and post-measurement for one group on a sample of blind (partial blind) female primary school students (9-13 years). The pre-measurements were carried out and included the measurement of (sensorimotor control - the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus - motor abilities), then the sports program was applied to develop sensorimotor control for a period of three months with two units per week. The following conclusions were reached:


Introduction and research problem:
The sense of sight is one of God's blessings on man, that has a great role in his life, blindness is one of the most sensory disabilities that affect daily human life, asit affects negatively on one's performance and growth.(22:29)(15:137) Alaa El-Din Saleh (2018) and Abdel-Muttalib El-Qaryouti (2005) have agreed that an individual who suffers from visual impairment is unable to practice many activities m, and this leads to disturbance of his movement, limited mobility, control of his environment.This increase his feeling of fear, insecurity, anxiety, hesitation and caution in general, and avoiding exposing himself to new external experiences in his environment in particular, and limiting the opportunities for playing and exploring the components and features of his external environment, and then decreasing his learning opportunities to benefit from them, due to the shortcomings that lead to him in his motor skills, mobility difficulties, and his perception of spatial relationships, such as distances and directions.(13:360) (14:141) Children with visual disabilities have less opportunities to acquire motor skills.These problems are represented in standing or sitting, walking, running, receiving and eating, and their motor abilities such as balance, strength, flexibility and agility.(5:18) (25:45) (38:213) The blind person can overcome his disability by relying more on the vestibular system and the motor sense organs, by increasing the dependence on the sensory receptors in the muscles, tendons and joints, which send sensory nerve signals about the positions of the different parts of the body, the accuracy of movement in the space and the extent of muscle shortening or lengthening.This information is sent to the nervous system, which sends signals to the muscles for contraction and motor control.The blind person also depends on the sensory receptors of the vestibular system in the middle ear, which is responsible for the responses related to stability, balance, and the harmony of muscular work that maintains the integrity and balance of the body.(1:3)(16:319,320) (3:122) (15:238) The development of kinesthetic control of the blind depends on a set of integrated kinesthetic and sensory exercises, aimed at reaching the blind to the stage of moving with complete independence and developing his personality, and its program focuses on the extensive use of all abilities and senses of the blind individual such as hearing, touch and the ability to remember, and using his sense of placing his body in the void, awareness of directions.(21:49) Aladdin Ibrahim (2018) confirmed the need to pay attention to the development of the blind's motor abilities of strength, agility, flexibility, compatibility, static balance and motor balance, and the development of the body's balance system for the blind by increasing the reliance on sensory receptors in muscles, joints and tendons, as well as improving the efficiency of the vestibular system through balance exercises .(14:14) This study is one of the scientific attempts that sheds light on the blind category, which is considered the most social group in need to use and develop kinesthetic awareness to improve their life skills and treat their movement disorder.Thisencouraged the two researchers to do a study using a sports program to develop sensorymotor control that contains exercises to develop awareness of space and awareness of distances and directions, exercises to develop body awareness and morphological control, and exercises to develop static and kinetic balance, harmony, strength, flexibility and agility, in order to identify the impact of a sports program to develop kinesthetic control on the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus and some motor abilities of the blind.

Second: Research Objectives:
The research aims to identify the effect of a sports program for developing sensorimotor control on the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus and some of the motor abilities of blind girls, through: 1-Recognizing the percentage of improvement in the sensorimotor control of the blind.2-Identifying the percentage of improvement in the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for blind girls.3-Identifying the percentage of improvement in the motor abilities of the blind.

Third: Research hypotheses:
1-There are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of sensorimotor control for the post measurements of the blind.2-There are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for the post measurements of the blind.3-There are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of motor abilities for the post measurements of the blind.

Fourth: Research procedures: Research Methodology:-
The two researchers used the experimental method for its suitability to the subject and nature of the research, using the method of pre-post measurement for one group.

Research ranges:
Spatial range: Al-Nour School for the Blind in Alexandria .Time range: the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021.The human range: the blind (partially handicapped) female primary school students (9-13 years old) at Al-Noor School for the Blind.

Research sample:-
The research sample was chosen in an intentional way, as the original sample was (33) female students, they were divided into (12) female students as a basic sample and (12) female students as a pilot sample, and (9) female students were excluded for the following reasons:  Students who have other movement disabilities:- Students who are frequently absent .
-Exclusion of older or younger female students from the age of (9-13) years.-Agility: a zigzag running test between the benches.

The statistical description of the research sample is shown in
3-Then the two researchers did a pilot study on February 21st, 2021 to February 24th, 2021 to find out the scientific transactions to verify the validity and reliability of the tests, as well as verifying the appropriateness of the program exercises and tests and the ease of their application to the sample members.

Scientific coefficient: Reliability coefficient:
To find the reliability of the kinetic abilities tests, the two researchers applied them to the pilot study sample, (12) female students, and repeat them at a period of two days.Tabular value (T) at the level of 0.05 = 2.14 Table (5) shows that there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the upper and lower quartiles of the blind level in the kinetic abilitiestests, which ranged between (6.97) and (29.33), which shows that these tests distinguish and clarify the level of the blind.

4-pre-tests:
Pre-tests applied made between (2/27/2021 -2/28/2021), and the moderation of the values and the homogeneity of the research sample were confirmed in the following tests:  11) that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-and posttests of the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for the post-test, as the percentage of improvement in the degree of the Berg scale was (10.88%), and the improvement rates in the tests of the scale ranged between (1.67%: 38.89%) for the post-tests.That indicates the effectiveness of the sports program in developing sensorimotor control in improving the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for blind girls.Third: Presenting the results of the third hypothesis:  12) that there are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of kinetic abilities for the post measurement, and the improvement rate ranged between (14.36%: 90.15%), which indicates the effectiveness of the sports program for developing sensorimotor control in improving the kinetic abilities of blind girls.

Discussing the results:
It is clear from the table (10) that there are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of the sensorimotor control of the right/left side balance and the front/back balance for the post measurements, the calculated "t" valu of the right/left side balance was (9.332) which is greater than the tabular value at the level of significance (0.01) which is (2.977), and the effect size was (2.410) indicates a large effect size. and the calculated "T" value of the front/back balanc was (5.823), which is greater than the tabular value at the level of significance (0.01), which is (2.977), and the effect size was (1.503).This indicates the effectiveness of the sports program in developing the sensorimotor control of the blind girls.The two researchers attributed these results to the use of the sensorimotor control development program, which consists of exercises to develop awareness of space and awareness of distances and directions, exercises to develop body awareness and postural control, and exercises to develop static and kinetic balance, harmony, strength, flexibility and agility.
The study of Alexandra Halverson, & Mari Dohrn (2015) also showed that the training program for sensorimotor control had a positive effect on improving self-efficacy in controlling balance, which led avoid falls, reduce the fear of falling, increase walking speed and improve physical functions.(27:417) The results of this study agree with the study of Kruis, BL. et al., (2006),that showed a significant improvement in sensorimotor control capabilities with respect to left/right lateral balance and front/back balance as a result of practicing balance exercises.(33) From the above, it is clear that the first hypothesis is achieved, which states that there are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of sensorimotor control for the post measurements of the blind girls.
It is clear from Table (11) on the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for blind girls that there are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements for the post measurements, where the percentage of improvement in the Berg scale reached (10.88%), and the improvement rates in the scale tests ranged between (1.67%: 38.89%) ) for the post measurement, which indicates the effectiveness of the sports program for developing sensorimotor control in improving the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for blind girls.
The two researchers attributed this to the effect of the sports program for developing kinesthetic control.The sense of balance of the body gives the blind a sense of safety, and there is a balance device in the semicircular canals of the ear, and any disturbance in it leads to feelings of nausea, anxiety and insecurity, as some individuals feel when staying in a boat that shakes in the sea, and the normal causes of blindness do not affect the balance.Thus , it is clear that the second hypothesis is achieved, which states that there are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for the post measurements of the blind girls.
It is clear from From this, it is clear that the third hypothesis is achieved, which states that there are statistically significant differences between the pre and post measurements of kinetic abilities for the post measurements of the blind girls.

Conclusions:
According to the results of the study and in the light of the aims and hypotheses of the research and within the limits of the research sample and its characteristics, the following conclusions were reached: 1-The proposed sports program has a positive effect in improving the sensorimotor control of the blind girls, the research sample.2-The proposed sports program for the development of sensorimotor control affects the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for the blind girls, the research sample.3-The proposed sports program for the development of sensorimotor control affects the improvement of the kinetic abilities of the blind girls, the research sample.

Recommendations:
Depending on the results that have been reached, and within the research sample, the two researchers recommend the following: 1-Applying the proposed sports program for developing sensorimotor control within schools and institutions for the blind because of its effective role in improving their sensorimotor control.2-Using the proposed sports program to develop sensorimotor control in order to improve the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for the blind.3-Using the proposed sports program to develop sensorimotor control in order to improve the motor abilities of the blind.4-Applying the proposed sports program for developing sensorimotor control in schools and institutions for people with special needs (of all categories) because of its effective impact on improving sensorimotor control and improving the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus and improving their kinetic abilities.First: Arabic references: 1-Amal ShafikAzab: The effectiveness of the central nervous system in response to sensory inputs to achieve balance and its relation to the skill performance level of rhythmic gymnasts.
(22:43)   Ali Galal al-Din (2008) mentioned that the signals sent form the vestibular receptors distinguish the characteristics of movement: rotation, tilt, standing, sitting, lying down, as well as determining directions and positioning the center of the body weight.
The effect of a proposed kinetic education program on the static and kinetic balance of completely blind students from 7-9 years, MA, Faculty of Physical Education for Boys, Alexandria University, 2000.21-Mohamed Refaat Hassan Mahmoud: Sports for the Disabled, Almaktabat almisria,2002.22-Mohamed Refaat Hassan Mahmoud: Sports Training for the Blind, Almaktabatalmisria, 2006.23-Mohamad NashaatTammom: Development of the characteristics of determining direction and distance and their impact on the most important manifestations of motor behavior among blind students from 6-10 years, Ph.D., Faculty of Physical Education for Boys, Alexandria University, 1997.24-Mostafa Sabah Saleh: A rehabilitation program to improve Sensorimotor control and some kinetic abilities to prevent injuries in the elderly, Ph.D., Faculty of Physical Education for Girls, Alexandria, 2020.25-Mona Sobhi Al-Hadidi: An Introduction to Sight Impairment, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Cairo, 1998.

The program, kinetic abilities and tests) was presented to the experts through expert opinion poll forms.
Finally, according to the opinion of the experts, the appropriate exercises for the blind were identified. *

Table ( 7) shows the mean, standard deviation, median, and skew coefficient for tests of the efficiency of the vestibular apparatus for the blind N=12 Berg scale tests mean Median standard deviation skew coefficient
It is clear fromTable (7)that the degrees of the skewness coefficient in the total of the Berg scale tests are close to zero and are limited to (±3), which indicates the moderation of the values and the homogeneity of the sample members in those tests.